Inaccurate Portrayal of the Dinosaur Face :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Inaccurate Portrayal of the Dinosaur Face As time goes on, Paleontologists discover more and more fossil remains, and with that more and more information about dinosaurs. Yet even with the great deal of fossils that have been discovered in the past century, scientists are still forced to make educated guesses about certain dinosaur behaviors, traits, and appearance. Dr. Lawrence Witmer’s recent research addresses this issue. Dr. Witmer argues that the fleshy nostril of dinosaurs lies in a different place than has been assumed and portrayed for over the last one hundred years. Dr. Witmer’s discovery was published in the August issue of Science magazine in 2001 and may change how we envision dinosaurs forever. Movies like â€Å"Jurassic Park† and the BBC’s â€Å"Walking with Dinosaurs† portray dinosaurs with fleshy nostrils which lie very high on their head. Not only in popular media is this true but in sculptures, kids’ books and scholarly journals. How could so many scientists have been wrong for so long? Very easily. When a dinosaur fossil is discovered it has an extremely large nasal cavity in its skull, sometimes several feet in length. Since flesh does not preserve all too well over the course of millions of years, paleontologists have been forced to make an educated guess as to where the fleshy nostril lies within the larger nasal cavity. Since the 1880’s scientists assumed that the nostril existed near the top of the head. The reason for this is that when sauropods (long necked dinosaurs) were discovered, it was thought that they must live under water in order to avoid crushing themselves under their own weight. This would explain their long necks. It would also follow that the fleshy nostril would be near the top of the head so the creatures could breathe easily while their bodies were under water. Even after it was realized these dinosaurs did not live under the water, the idea that the fleshy nostril existed near the top of the head persisted. The idea was also spread to most other dinosaurs that were discovered thereafter. Perhaps you have noticed this in a drawing or movie, that Tyrannosaurus Rex’s large nostrils do not lie in the front of his face but instead halfway up his head. Witmer believes his years of research with his â€Å"DinoNose† project prove that dinosaurs’ fleshy nostrils actually exist on the front end of the nasal cavity instead of the back end as was once believed.

Hazardous industrial materials and their effects on the human body Essay

Along with today’s modernization is the fact that people become inevitably susceptible to all kinds of hazards even while in the performance of their professions. This harmful reality reveals that any advancement has its way of getting back at the people and the community in general. This also goes to say that due to human’s apparent irresponsibility and negligence, even the occupation which is supposedly advancing one’s interests is the same factor which poses risks. This endangering condition is very evident in an industrial environment where workers are exposed with various kinds of hazardous materials. In an objective to meet and keep up with the demands and requirements of the industrial world, employees in the manufacturing, engineering and related businesses are exposed with the perils of the materials that they are using. However, such situation can be prevented, if not stopped, if only industrial workers are aware of essential safety or security practices while at the same time are provided by the business owner with the needed protection and precaution system. This practice supports the principle of industrial hygiene where work cleanliness or sanitation exists within the industrial environment or is being carried out by the personnel and the organizational set-up in general. The undeniable harmful or even deadly effects of hazardous industrial materials on the human body serve as the grounds for the requirement of promoting and practicing hygiene within the business. In the absence of the said concept or practice, workers’ physical, mental and emotional conditions are endangered for the simple reason that notable hazardous materials are detrimental to the overall quality of human life. While the scenario is not totally hopeless, the situation definitely calls for an increased awareness on the various types of hazardous materials and their eventual implications to the human body. Aside from this, it is mostly needed that work-related precaution and protection practices, as depiction of industrial hygiene, are upheld with an ultimate goal to reduce, if not totally end the negative effects of hazardous industrial materials. Industrial Hygiene, an Overview According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or OSHA of the U.  S. Department of Labor, industrial hygiene refers to the discipline of â€Å"anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers’ injury or illness (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). It is the science where the so-called industrial hygienists perform various means or approaches of observation and study. These methods are all geared toward the discovery and identification of the scope of industrial employees’ contact and eventual susceptibility to harmful industrial materials. Additionally, the condition calls for the detection of the industry’s engineering, practice management or organization and related ways to check and contain possible industry-related health risks (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Additionally, the OSHA has generally identified the five types of hazardous industrial materials as follows: â€Å"air contaminants, and chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Hence, industrial hygienists are required to be familiar with the said classification of industry materials in order for them to be efficient in distinguishing and assessing existing industrial hazards and at the same time implement ways to control such damaging items (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Hazardous Industrial Materials and Effects to Human Body Based from the OSHA classification, air contaminants are considered â€Å"as either particulate or gas and vapor contaminants† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). These pollutants or toxic materials usually comprised of â€Å"dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols and fibers† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Examples of hazardous chemical materials are â€Å"solids, liquids, mists, dusts, fumes and vapors† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Some of the common effects of these materials to human body is manifested in breathing when they are inhaled, absorption when they directly get in touch with one’s skin or ingestion when they are consumed through the mouth (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Harmful biological materials are â€Å"bacteria, viruses, fungi and other living organisms† which trigger severe and lasting infections (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Physical risks result from extreme degrees of â€Å"ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination and temperature† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Lastly, ergonomic hazards refer to the variety of duties which entail physical actions and bodily strengths (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). The main philosophy of industrial hygiene is for employers and employees to realize the significance of knowing that the materials being used in their respective industrial workplaces are hazardous. Hence, it is essential that these hazardous industrial materials are controlled and well-managed. In the industrial work settings, hazardous materials must be appropriately contained if they are supposedly â€Å"toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritant, sensitizing, carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing genetic damage) and teratogenic (causing abnormalities of the fetus)† (â€Å"Health effects from hazardous substances in workplaces,† 2008). Various harmful implications of harmful industrial materials were listed such as inflammation or itchiness of the skin, work-related asthma, systemic poisoning caused by chemical materials, chemical flames coming from corrosives and the fatal cancer (â€Å"Health effects from hazardous substances in workplaces,† 2008). Additionally, there are known components which establish that workers are indeed susceptible to the negative effects of harmful industrial materials. These are due to the quantity and direction of the exposure, workers’ synchronized contact with such materials and experience of negative effects and one’s sensitivity to the hazardous impacts of such substances (â€Å"Health effects from hazardous substances in workplaces,† 2008). Khan (2008) corroborated the above-mentioned information when he added that when the hazardous industrial materials eventually become waste, they can already result to death, sickness and damage or impairment to workers. Most importantly, Khan pointed out that when inappropriately regarded, transferred or moved and thrown away, these hazardous materials which have already turned into hazardous wastes will ultimately damage the surroundings (Khan, 2008). He further explained that various hazardous materials are to be used only with an unusual manner of safety measures. This is for the reason that in doing so, their harmful effects or the risks posed upon to the workers may be lessen. However, once disposed of, such hazardous substances and wastes are no longer directly contained. Hence they are likely to create particular damage to workers or even other kinds of living things that will have a contact with the said materials (Khan, 2008). Due to such possible harms, Khan emphasized the need for hazardous materials and wastes to be individually processed and controlled from the usual kinds of industrial substances and wastes (Khan, 2008). In particular, Khan reported that hazardous materials come from various industries such as computer software business where the writing itself of the software creates less harmful materials and wastes. However, it is computer manufacturing that is attributed with a significant amount of alarming hazardous substances and wastes. This is because computer manufacturing engages in many industrial procedures or methods that eventually pave the way for the accumulation of hazardous substances and wastes. These process include, but not limited to, the creation of a computer circuit board, fiber optics manufacturing and transmission of copper wire (Khan, 2008). The said industrial hazard is also manifested in the agriculture sector where farmers use harmful materials such as herbicides and pesticides which affect one’s immune system and other equally important human organs (Khan, 2008). Khan also suggested ways on how to properly dispose of hazardous materials and wastes which may start in one’s home and must also be practiced in the workplace. These proposals include even simple safety measures in painting the house during renovation where the toxic substance in paint materials which may cause lung-related diseases and even cancer. Khan further said that even the pollutants and harmful materials we sent out to the environment eventually return and become harmful to the human body. Specifically, excessive fluoride in rivers, lakes and other water forms, which eventually become source of household water, may results into dental and even bone-related implications (Khan, 2008). Industrial Toxicology To emphasize the destruction created by hazardous materials into the human body, Talty (1988) discussed industrial toxicology which is related with the principle of industrial hygiene. Talty started his discussion by stating the fact that the human body or system lives in a frail balance wherein one exists and functions within a surrounding that is regularly attacked by many harmful substances and occurrences. In effect, this attack against the environment eventually leads to various assaults hurled into the human body. Talty said that this condition usually happens or is manifested when a person is connected with an industrial-related work setting. Such kind of work place definitely attracts hazardous foreign materials and physical phenomena because of the nature of task that a worker performs (Talty, 1988). According to the author, the defense system of the human body frequently falls short or is unsuccessful in properly protecting one’s body. This is because there is a high concentration of harmful materials in an industrial kind of work setting. Such work condition becomes an ideal period or opportunity for hazard exposure to exist and eventually poses risks to human body. He further wrote that there are particular considerations for industrial hygienists to look into in establishing the damaging implications of industrial materials. These considerations include the kind of material the nature of the incident. While there are industrial substances which are not directly harmful, there are other materials which are inherently damaging. Hence, for the identified or positively considered as hazardous substances, different degrees of impacts on worker’s body are to be expected (Talty, 1988). Talty stated that determining the specific factor which considers the quality and manner of hazardous materials’ effect to the human system is what industrial toxicology all about. This kind of examination done on chemical agents which are present within an industrial work setting and which are traced as the source of the hazardous effects to one’s body serves as the main objective of the said field of study. Above all the various types pf hazardous industrial materials and how they enter the human body system is the primary concern that these harmful substances definitely harm the physical as well as the mental and emotional aspects of an industrial worker. This is because once they entered into the body, these toxic substances act in various manners to damage the body and even the mental and emotional system of a person. These effects are specifically manifested when said industrial materials act as sources of irritation, asphyxiant and anesthetics which the workers will have to bear (Talty, 1988). Conclusion The philosophy behind industrial hygiene is the idea of properly determining the existence of hazardous industrial substances as well as the efforts to prevent or gradually decrease, if not stop, the inevitable risks that they create. In doing so, an increased awareness through various presentations will definitely help and pave the way for the eventual ending of such kind of work-related problem. This goes to say that previous attempts are not enough to address and ultimately resolve the concern about the damaging effects brought about by industrial substances. While it is not yet too late to address the issue, what is needed is an increased level of precautionary measures for industrial workers to protect their bodies from unintentional destruction. Employers’ sincere actions to evade from cited harmful practices are ultimately required in order to put a stop to this very alarming work-related menace.

Case Study: Evolution Psychology Essay

1) Application questions†¦ 1. One way evolutionary psychology can answer Dylan’s promiscuity is that it has become a learned behavior that he has never had to correct/change. The study states that he has been promiscuous since high school and he sees no reason to change his ways. 2. To explain Dylan’s typical womanly interests being of mostly the same physical attributes, has to do with is innate drive for successful reproduction. His attractions to an athletic blonde of medium height, is what Dylan believes the best fit to produce healthy children. Even though Dylan shows no concern after the fact of having children, evolutionary psychology suggests that it is Dylan’s cognitive drive to find these types of women. 3. Such as Dylan’s evolutionary drive for an attractive partner to reproduce with, the women he agrees with dating have some of the same drives for success with their partners to reproduce with. They may know of his wealth and great looks which may be some deciding factors for their choice of a mate. It isn’t until later that the women find out the not so attractive attributes of a man in Dylan’s position. 4. Dylan most likely takes his dates out for a tennis match, to test their physicality and athleticism. He may not want to base his decision on a mate just off of looks; he wants to know if they are strong enough to bring him strong offspring. We look at human evolution to justify this type of occurrence, even if it is a cognitive (subconscious approach) to determining a mate. 5. As we see in nature, many male species do not care for the offspring after birth. That job is left to the mothers and this can explain Dylan’s feelings towards his own children. He feels he found a mate for a reason, to have strong children that they can look after. He does not feel it is his part to raise the children, once he has found a suitable mate, his job is  done. 6. Dylan does not use birth control, because he feels it is the female’s duty to keep herself from becoming pregnant if she does not want to be pregnant. Same goes for std’s , in the relationship , if the woman has chosen Dylan he believes she has made the choice to trust him. Dylan would use protection if he did not trust that the woman he chose to be was clean or not suitable for reproduction. He made a choice and so did the woman, he believes she has thought about all issues that may arise and that is why she is not worried about protection (in Dylan’s eyes).

Controversy Paper on United States Involvement in Global Affairs

Involvement of the United States in Global Affairs A major debate that is being discussed both domestically and internationally is the involvement of the United States of America in international affairs. This debate includes the practicality of where the United States has intervened in foreign affairs, its right to intervene in the first place considering past mistakes and questionable leadership, and whether or not that foreign involvement is in the general public’s best interest.Obviously, the two sides of the debate refer to the ‘yes’ position, explained by Ivan Eland (as in yes, the United States should limit it’s global involvement) and also the ‘no’ position, backed by President Barack Obama (as in no, the United States should not limit it’s foreign involvement). Eland’s basis for his argument is that the United States has habitually overspent it’s treasure and overextended it’s military power to a point where we cannot keep pace economically and which could bring upon the demise of the American government as we know it.He also points out that continued foreign endeavors increases the risk of the United States being a target for terrorist attack. Obama’s vision is that The United States of America needs to re-establish its place as a world leader by maintaining an active foreign policy. Obama admits that mistakes have been made where international affairs are concerned, but that is a reason to fix those mistakes and step up as a suitable leader once more. Discussed later in the paper is my own point of view, which supports President Barack Obama and his plan for active engagement in foreign affairs, in a conservative and confidant manner.In his position, Eland points out that both republican and democratic actors, as of now, support the use of military force and United State intervention in foreign affairs. This begs the question, who is on Eland’s side? His half of the deb ate offers advice to both the conservatives and the liberals who are currently apart of US involvement decision-making. While he upholds fair and good points, his arguments hold less sway due to his non-direct involvement.Eland’s first argument has a basis in the research of Christopher Coyne, a professor at West Virginia University. The bottom line of this research is that the Unites States attempts of bringing about democracy in countries where we have tried to intervene militarily has yielded low percent success rates. So it may be that it is time for America to change its tactics from a military to a more democratic approach. Another notion brought up by Eland is that it is in America’s best interest to unextend it’s military power.He points out that is unlikely for another hegemonic power to arise very quickly in the absence of our lessened military power, and also compares the overextending of the United States assets to when the Soviet Union overextended itself and it’s socialistic government collapsed. However, Eland also points out that economically, European countries and China are achieving much more than the US. Therefore, if America does not keep up its involvement globally, it is likely that one of those countries could succeed us as the new superpower, thus contradicting his earlier statement that there is unlikely to be a new hegemon anytime soon.It is also unfair to liken the demise of Russia to that of the United States, when the governmental systems are very different. President Barack Obama is in favor of upholding US involvement globally, and maintaining a leadership role. He plans to do this with 5 steps. First, by bringing troops home from Iraq but also leaving some to keep Al Queda and other terrorists at bay. However, the president doesn’t explain exactly how this will be accomplished more effectively since we are already supposedly fighting â€Å"The War on Terrorism† with all our best resourc es.The main point in Barack Obama’s debate is that the United States needs to stay active in the world to remain on top. To do that, new alliances must be built within NATO, but also keep up with the times and constantly revise our alliances and position within the global community. It is also clear that The United States of America has made mistakes in it’s leadership and economically, but overall, Obama’s plan is fairly clearly outlined in his debate, that mostly makes logistical sense. The first step outlined in order to regain influential leadership is changing the troops and approach in the war in Iraq.Second, to employ a 21st military that is powerful, bright and able. Third, to reinforce allies and stand by other in countries in attempt to keep the world’s deadliest weapons out of the worst hands. Fourth, to reduce carbon emissions, and lastly, to provide more foreign aid to countries who are lacking in basic needs and fair governments. As stated a bove, I believe that President Barack Obama’s side of the debate, supporting United States involvement globally, is the right path for America. I choose this because it isn’t just about the yes or no side of this debate.Obama successfully explains that continued involvement doesn’t mean America stomping on poorer countries and participating in unsuccessful expeditions in helping third world countries. US involvement in global affairs means leading the by way of example and will result in putting the interests and safety of American citizens first. Obama’s reasoning of this debate will hold the backing of American citizens. It gives a probable solution to our countries problems at hand. This policy is the best because the public can understand it and they can feel a stake in its success.Countering pro involvement is Eland’s isolationism position. I don’t believe it measures up because it ignores America’s ability to do well unto others , and it diminishes our ability to lead. America is one of the only countries able to use a quantifiable amount of money and military power for use of foreign aid. And unfortunately, a lot of counties need that. If America were to withdraw, many states would be worse for wear (Lieber). I also believe that America’s defining attribute is its leadership position.Withdrawing from international affairs would be to sacrifice that privilege. It is because that no other regional power has the economic power, political will, or military strength to match the United States that we have a great international influence. However, the European Union or China are certainly striving for that same international influence and will not hesitate to rise to it if the opportunity presents itself (Guest). Part of Obama’s outline to maintain world leadership is to build and maintain a 21st century military.He clarifies that recruiting the best and the brightest and rewarding the veterans who serve because they deserve it will be the foremost way to build a military power that is confident and skilled. A force likened to this will not only allow America’s staying power in the prime leadership spot, but also allow us to provision foreign aid. Eland does bring up an excellent point though, when he brings up that the US spends a great deal on it’s military compared to other countries. He points out that other countries are able to do better economically because they do not have such large ilitaries weighing their economies down. Nonetheless, sacrificing America’s military power is an unacceptable notion. All things considered, the United States should not limit its global involvement. It needs to maintain its leadership position in the world, not only for our own benefit but for other actors also. The procedures used by the United States to determine how it will become involved need to be always evolving and reconsidered to ensure the best possible out comes for our United States citizens, and also other citizens around the globe.The United States is very capable of accomplishing this if we lead by example and are always mindful of fellow countries and the repercussions, positive or negative, that our actions are able to preform. Citations Database Used: Academic Search Premier Lieber, Robert. â€Å"Examining America's Role in Global Affairs. † VOA. Voice of America, 31 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Guest, Robert. â€Å"Examining America's Role in Global Affairs. † VOA. Voice of America, 31 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.

Recruiting Diversity Into the Healthcare System Essay

Recruiting Diversity Into the Healthcare System - Essay Example Medicine is more than just surgery and the appropriate prescription. Medicine is the understanding of healing as viewed through the cultural lens of diversity and we need to be pro-active in our search and education of medical students from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds. The diversity of America brings a wide variety of different needs to the healthcare system. African-Americans are prone to Sickle-cell anemia while Arabic and Farsi speaking people are more apt to suffer from Cardio-vascular disease. McBride insists that training that is dedicated to the prevalence of illness among certain ethnic and racial groups, and their genetic pre-disposition, should be a priority in medical training (181). Some cultures may be practicing herbal remedies or have an aversion to surgery. The range of culture based beliefs are endless in respect to our health and healing. While Americans may wish to treat cancer with a targeted treatment of chemo-therapy and surgery, other cultures may view the disease within the context of religion. Medical staff and healthcare workers need to be aware and sensitive to these diversity issues that other cultures bring to our western style healthcare system. M... There may be a language barrier that prevents the adequate communication of a patient's medical needs. The doctor or nurse may not understand the boundaries or necessity of communicating with family members. Even the colors of the room and the placement of the bed may have significance to some people. The meaning of illness may mean simply that we are sick, or may mean that we are possessed by evil spirits. While Americans are often open and frank about their condition, "People in many cultures believe that informing the patient of a terminal diagnosis may hasten death" (Misra-Hebert, 298). No amount of classroom training can communicate and educate our healthcare system with the vast amount of information necessary to effectively deal with the number of possibilities that exist in today's diverse world. The only way to bring this kind of knowledge and awareness into the healthcare system is to recruit diversity and minority students to become a part of our medical arsenal. The medical education system needs to reach out to minority populations and recruit and cultivate their talents for work in the healthcare system. This would need to begin in high school by working with students to assure they are getting the courses and the academics required to enter college. Tutors and mentors should be made available to these students to offer personal as well as academic guidance. The healthcare system needs to reach out across social as well as economic barriers to enlist these students. By beginning at an early age and cultivating our diverse youth for a career in healthcare we can be sure that we will have the talent necessary to meet the medical

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis - Essay Example The populations most at risk are those suffering from acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency, from acute renal insufficiency of any severity due to the hepato-renal syndrome, and those patients in the peri-operative liver transplantation period. For all of these patients it is recommended that health care professionals simply avoid the use of GBCA; the only exception being when it is determined that the diagnostic information to be obtained is absolutely necessary and unavailable through the use of non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, as a precautionary measure, it is recommended that health care professionals conduct a screening for all patients for a renal dysfunction by either obtaining a history or carrying out laboratory tests. These screening measures are fundamentally precautionary, however, because "the risk, if any, for developing NSF among patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency or normal renal function is unknown" (Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents, 2007).

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Islam - Essay Example These are the five most fundamental requirements every body has to fulfill in the capacity of being a Muslim. In order to express faith in Allah and Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.), or in other words, in order to be a Muslim, one has to say the Kalma. After saying the Kalma, one becomes a Muslim. As a Muslim, one is obliged to say Salaat five times a day. One is obliged to fast in the month of Ramadan, though one may fast off and on or on a regular basis in addition to Ramadan. One should give Zakat to people and perform Hajj if one has enough money or if one can make it anyway. Shi’as and Sunnis both have same beliefs. Both believe in the five pillars of Islam and have Quran as the Holy Book, though the two differ in their understanding of the way things happened in the Islamic history. The fundamental cause of division was the choice of the leader for the Muslim community after the last Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). Sunnis believe that Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) had chosen Abu B akr as the leader whereas Shi’as argue that Ali should have been elected as the leader (BBC). Quran is the Holy Book written by Allah, the creator of universe and everything in it. Each and every word in Quran comes straight from Allah through Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.).